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The Lepidoptera are among the most successful groups of insects. Main article: Lists of Lepidoptera by region The etymological origins of the word "caterpillar", the larval form of butterflies and moths, are from the early 16th century, from Middle English catirpel, catirpeller, probably an alteration of Old North French catepelose (from Latin cattus, "cat" + pilosus, "hairy"). Perhaps its origins are related to Old English maða meaning " maggot" or from the root of " midge", which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes. Northumbrian dialect mohðe) from Common Germanic (compare Old Norse motti, Dutch mot and German Motte all meaning "moth"). The origins of the English word moth are clearer, deriving from Old English] moððe (cf. The species of Heterocera are commonly called moths. Other than that, the origin is unknown, although it could be derived from the pale yellow color of many species' wings suggesting the color of butter. The English word butterfly is from Old English buttorfleoge, with many variations in spelling. The origins of the common names "butterfly" and "moth" are varied and often obscure. Sometimes, the term Rhopalocera is used for the clade of all butterfly species, derived from the Ancient Greek ῥόπαλον ( rhopalon) : 4150 and κέρας ( keras) : 3993 meaning "club" and "horn", respectively, coming from the shape of the antennae of butterflies. The word is derived from Greek λεπίς lepís, gen. The term Lepidoptera was used in 1746 by Carl Linnaeus in his Fauna Svecica. Many moth and butterfly species are of economic interest by virtue of their role as pollinators, the silk they produce, or as pest species. The caterpillars hatching from these eggs can cause damage to large quantities of crops. In many species, the female may produce from 200 to 600 eggs, while in others, the number may approach 30,000 eggs in one day. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a lepidopterist.īutterflies and moths play an important role in the natural ecosystem as pollinators and as food in the food chain conversely, their larvae are considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture, as their main source of food is often live plant matter. Accordingly, this is the most recognized and popular of insect orders with many people involved in the observation, study, collection, rearing of, and commerce in these insects. The Lepidoptera have, over millions of years, evolved a wide range of wing patterns and coloration ranging from drab moths akin to the related order Trichoptera, to the brightly colored and complex-patterned butterflies. Once the pupa has completed its metamorphosis, a sexually mature adult emerges. A butterfly pupa, called a chrysalis, has a hard skin, usually with no cocoon. A few butterflies and many moth species spin a silk case or cocoon prior to pupating, while others do not, instead going underground. Once fully matured, the larva develops into a pupa. As they grow, these larvae change in appearance, going through a series of stages called instars. The larvae are commonly called caterpillars, and are completely different from their adult moth or butterfly forms, having a cylindrical body with a well-developed head, mandible mouth parts, three pairs of thoracic legs and from none up to five pairs of prolegs. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are holometabolous, meaning they undergo complete metamorphosis. Mating and the laying of eggs is normally performed near or on host plants for the larvae. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. The most apparent is the presence of scales that cover the bodies, wings, and a proboscis. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most species-rich orders, along with the Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera. The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 families and 46 superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described species of living organisms. Lepidoptera ( / ˌ l ɛ p ə ˈ d ɒ p t ər ə/ lep-ə- DOP-tər-ə) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). Adhemarius gannascus, a species of sphinx moth |
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